Which theorist proposed a hierarchy of five needs: physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization?

• A. Carl Rogers
• B. Erik Erikson
• C. Albert Bandura
• D. Abraham Maslow

Answer: (D)

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is being tested. It describes motivation as a ladder of five levels, from basic to higher-order wants. The bottom level covers physiological needs like food, water, and sleep. Next are safety needs—shelter, security, and a predictable environment. Then come social needs—belonging and loving relationships. Above those are esteem needs—feeling respected, capable, and valued. At the top is self-actualization—the drive to realize one’s potential and creativity. This ordering helps explain why people focus on meeting basics before pursuing broader goals or self-improvement. The theorist who proposed this five-level model is Abraham Maslow. Other well-known theories differ: Carl Rogers centers on a supportive environment to foster self-growth, Erik Erikson outlines psychosocial development stages across the lifespan, and Albert Bandura highlights learning through observation and self-efficacy. In preschool settings, this perspective helps teachers ensure needs are met, promote secure relationships, provide positive feedback, and create opportunities for children to grow toward independence and self-expression.